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released during this process can be significant. Example: ΔV k = 1.0 L; p = 300 bar; compression energy: 15 · 103 Nm. If this 1 L flows away in 0.5 s, a power of approx. 30 kW is released.

swing p S of the pulsation is <0.5 p N . Calculation: static against deformation and overload fracture with p A = 1.25 p N ; dynamic against endurance fracture with an oscillation amplitude = p S /2 around [...] is a pulsating load with superimposed pressure fluctuations up to 25 % above p N : pulsation width p S ≤0.5 p N. Additionally pressure peaks occur. Calculation: check either fatigue or endurance behaviour;

consumption diagram ( Figure S 69 ). The pump must be selected with a certain size in order to replace the removed usable volume before the end of the working cycle: The factor k (approx. 1.25) serves to relieve

similar to mineral oil in terms of their viscosity characteristics, while HFA is water-thin ( Table S 1 ). In most cases, the HFA pressure fluids (DIN 24 320) require a special structure, while HFC and HFD

necessary if several pumps are used in a hydraulic system . A distinction is then made between ( Figure S 17 ): two-circuit or multi-circuit switches : Each pump supplies its own circuit. Parallel circuit : [...] of Low-pressure and high-pressure pumps (e.g. for rapid traverse circuits ). Series circuit : Pump 1 leads to pump 2. This circuit is used to improve the filling of a high-pressure pump or to reach a higher

steel wire braiding or spirals, which are embedded in intermediate layers of elastic materials ( Figure S 24 ). The hoses in hydraulic systems are wearing parts, whose strength is reduced, amongst other things [...] DIN 20 024 Hoses and hose line testing in fluid technology Safety rules for hydraulic hose lines ZH 1/74, German Federation of Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention

the sound power is performed amongst other things in accordance with the DIN 45 635 Part 1 framework ( Figure S 11 ) and DIN EN 23 741. The sound power of a machine calculated under measurement conditions

systems for cars, on presses or in servo hydraulic follow up controls for aircraft systems. In the 1950s fluid technology started to be used increasingly in machine and plant engineering, in mobile machinery [...] subject at colleges and universities – unlike electrical engineering. As a consequence up until the 1970s hydraulic components and systems were primarily developed by innovative engineers based on customer [...] O+P-Fachlexikon "Fluidtechnik von A bis Z" (O+P technical glossary "Fluid technology from A to Z"), the 1st edition of which was published in 1989 by Vereinigte Fachverlage in Mainz, Hans Ebertshäuser made