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combinations of electrical (electronic) signal processing with hydraulic drives. These combinations can be divided into three groups: Electro-hydraulic technology in which hydraulic valves are opened or

Contamination of the hydraulic fluid of a hydraulic system. It can be caused by solid particles and/or dissolved foreign matter, by mixing with foreign liquids, or by air entering the hydraulic fluid.

and digital absolute systems. For cylinder drives with position measurement, the processes which can be integrated in the cylinders are particularly interesting as they eliminate several difficulties

al valve ), to reduce the power losses as a consequence of internal leakage the response pressure can be pre-selected on a case-by-case basis (see Pressure-flow (p-Q) control of a pump ).

delivery flow pulsation and are therefore quiet during operation. With axial play compensation they can achieve average pressures of up to around 160 bar, while 300 to 320 bar is possible with combined axial

or they are caused by reversal errors associated with control circuit elements. The position error can be reduced by increasing the loop gain or having an integrated element in the controller, although

or sensors, etc. Indirect signal output elements either output the measured value in a form which can only be identified with auxiliary equipment or special knowledge or they relay the measured value directly

digital or binary character. In addition, they may have a continuous value, i.e. the signal parameter can take on all values within an interval; have a discrete value, i.e. the signal parameter, e.g. a DC

the drive: Transport motion : with the highest force required on accelerating the load. The velocity can mostly not be maintained accurately. Example: block valve. Power motion : required force over the entire

distinction is made between direct US measurements, which are relatively inaccurate (±0.1 mm), but can measure lengths of up to 5 m, and US measurement with magnetostrictive wave guide ( Figure U 13 ).