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been generated in the fluid. The propagation velocity for mineral oil in steel pipes is approx. 1,300 m/s.

released during this process can be significant. Example: ΔV k = 1.0 L; p = 300 bar; compression energy: 15 · 103 Nm. If this 1 L flows away in 0.5 s, a power of approx. 30 kW is released.

swing p S of the pulsation is <0.5 p N . Calculation: static against deformation and overload fracture with p A = 1.25 p N ; dynamic against endurance fracture with an oscillation amplitude = p S /2 around [...] is a pulsating load with superimposed pressure fluctuations up to 25 % above p N : pulsation width p S ≤0.5 p N. Additionally pressure peaks occur. Calculation: check either fatigue or endurance behaviour;

at power peaks. This can be used to select the flow rate Q 1 of the pump according to the average consumption V N during a working cycle t S: ( accumulator consumption diagram ). Multiple consumers can [...] with a shut-off device. These devices are normally grouped in an accumulator safety block ( Figure S 66 ).

Bernoulli force of a flow rate on a body, e.g. a Prandtl tube ( Figure S 78 ). This is then used to measure the static pressure p 1 and the dynamic pressure p 2 and thereby calculate the flow rate from

In hydraulics, four-hole flanges with the connection pattern standardised in SAE j 518 ( Figure S 1 ) are the most commonly used flange connections . The American SAE norm specifies two pressure stages

similar to mineral oil in terms of their viscosity characteristics, while HFA is water-thin ( Table S 1 ). In most cases, the HFA pressure fluids (DIN 24 320) require a special structure, while HFC and HFD

describes the basic loading of an electrical machine. It is defined in international standard IEC 60034-1. It helps provide an initial assessment of whether a component (motor, hydraulic power pack) is suitable [...] suitable for a particular application. If no nominal mode of operation is indicated on the machine’s type plate, it is designed for continuous operation with a constant load. The other nominal modes of operation

consumption diagram ( Figure S 69 ). The pump must be selected with a certain size in order to replace the removed usable volume before the end of the working cycle: The factor k (approx. 1.25) serves to relieve

necessary if several pumps are used in a hydraulic system . A distinction is then made between ( Figure S 17 ): two-circuit or multi-circuit switches : Each pump supplies its own circuit. Parallel circuit : [...] of Low-pressure and high-pressure pumps (e.g. for rapid traverse circuits ). Series circuit : Pump 1 leads to pump 2. This circuit is used to improve the filling of a high-pressure pump or to reach a higher