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costs for a plant consist of the procurement costs A, ( Figure K 33 ) and operating costs K, which can fluctuate considerably in the field of hydraulics. They will depend primarily on overall losses (the

ports A, B, P and T. The spring chambers F 1 and F 2 remain outside the control area of the valve and can have a dedicated drain port (Figure F 39) . The design is more complex, but the valve control spool

In a hydrostatic transmission , the pump can be adjusted and the motor is associated with constant displacement . The drive rotation speed is therefore proportional to the flow rate for the pump, i.e.

rule, this takes place on the adjustment elements provided for this. However, controller optimisation can also be performed by replicating the system and then simulating the different controller settings.

noticeable pressure losses between the pump and the valve. An integrated pump idle circulation valve which can be connected directly to the pump, ensures a practically pressure-free circulation (Figure 38 b).

hydraulic capacity should be kept as low as possible in the interest of having a stiff drive. This can be achieved by having a low dead volume V o between control and actuator . The hydraulic capacity for

filter that undertakes the actual filtering action. Filter elements are generally designed so they can be replaced easily and are disposed of after use (exception: metal filters). The tissue filter elements

slide) to match a setpoint as closely as possible. The negative feedback for the controlled variable can take the form of mechanical or electrical position feedback ( Figure L 4 ). Depending on the dynamic

valves by providing a throttle valve between the pilot valve and main valve Throttle valve , which can be used to configure the desired switching speed of the main valve ( Figure S 20 ).

oil is required, a fine filter is used directly in the control oil circuit. The term pressure filter can also have a broader scope (as per EDIN 24 550). Then it covers every filter with the exception of the