Velocity of sound pressure waves
is 333 m/s. In mineral oil it is dependent on its air content. In pure oil it is approx. 1 500 m/s and drops rapidly with undissolved air in the oil. For this reason an average value of 1 300 m/s is used
Kinematical viscosity v
(°E), and then in stokes or centistokes (cSt), but is now given in m 2 /s or mm 2 /s. cSt can be converted as follows: 1 cSt = 1 mm 2 /s
Transmission speed
of time (DIN 19 226 Part 5). At a cycle frequency of 1 kHz, in the case of series data transmission, this results in a transfer of 1,000 Bit/s or 1,000 baud.
Dynamic viscosity
dependent on the temperature and the pressure. Its unit is Pa · s. The old unit P (cP) is no longer allowed. Conversion: 1 cP = 1 mPa · s.
HFD fluids
however. Chlorinated hydrocarbons (HFD S). Only used in closed systems within the coal industry for reasons of environmental protection. Mixtures of HFD R and HFD S. Other compositions (HFD U). Common to [...] All HFD fluids is the lack of compatibility with most materials for seals and a high density of 1.15 to 1.4 g/cm3 (intake characteristic!), which complicates any subsequent adjustment.
Jet contraction
Contraction A ‘1 of a flow rate when entering into a cross-section constriction. It arises when the wall of cross-section A 1 is removed ( Figure S 98 ). The jet contraction becomes smaller as the transition [...] transition from A 3 to A 1 becomes more round. The contraction coefficient ψ is between 0.6 for sharp edges, 0.7 to 0.8 in the case of a slight rounding, and up to 0.99 in the case of large radii.
Baud
Measure for the transmission speed for data: 1 baud = 1 bit/s. Named after the French engineer Jean Marie Baudot (1845—1903). data rate .
Servo valve
between 1-stage and 2-stage or 3-stage servo valves. In one-stage servo valves, the electrical input stage (torque motor, moving coil) acts directly on the hydraulic valve control spool ( Figure S 49 ). [...] ), which adjusts the piston of the primary control stage in proportion to the input signal ( Figure S 50 ). A feedback spring is used as standard for the position feedback. For flows greater than 150 to [...] used, in which the third (main control) stage is pilot-controlled by a two-stage servo valve ( Figure S 51 ). This means that overall gains of up to a factor of 108 can be achieved. The servo valve and its
Buckling of rams
axial planar moment of inertia s = free buckling length (see Figure K 12) S K = safety factor (safety in terms of buckling) In addition to the basic scenario (scenario 1), another three buckling scenarios [...] scenarios are possible in this context (Figure K 12). Mounting scenario 2 applies in most cases, so that s = l. Particularly thorough calculations are required for horizontal cylinders or those tilted at a
Servo cylinder
terms of accuracy, servo cylinders ( Figure S 53 ) are used with two construction designs, which differ in terms of the bearing of the piston and piston rod: 1st cylinder with hydrostatic bearing and 2nd [...] low natural frequency (between 10 and 100 Hz) and very low damping, between 0.05 and 0.2 ( Figure S 54 ). As their stiffness also depends on the oil volume in the cylinder, they are not easy to handle