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rises and at low temperatures it approaches the pour point ( Figure V 31 ). This viscosity change can reach a few orders of magnitude. Its characteristic curve is equivalent to an exponential function [...] devices: Very high viscosity impairs the suction behaviour of the pumps (danger of cavitation) and can cause switching delays. Very low viscosity worsens the lubricity of the oil and increases the leakage

random and systematic deviations and again between known deviations — which can be factored in — and unknown deviations, which can, however, be estimated ( Figure M 17 ). Known systematic deviations include

solenoid with an almost horizontal force-stroke characteristic curve in the operating range and which can be controlled in proportion to voltage or current ( Figure P 19 ). The latter is preferred in most [...] the relatively large hysteresis (3—6%), there is an option to create a dither signal . The solenoid can also be used, however, in a closed circuit position control system , which may significantly improve

where it measures a flow rate. It can then take place using a sensor (e.g. flow rate measurement ) or the rotation speed of the consumer. The pressure/flow control can be assigned here, but not the "power [...] travel ( Figure V 23 a ). It allows a more accurate and reproducible adjustment. The adjustment process can be performed in different ways: mechanically using a hand lever, spindle, cam disc, etc. , electrically

jointly optimised ( Figure Z 10 ). If the state variables cannot be measured for technical reasons, they can be introduced by status monitors . In the case of the closed loop position control systems in fluid [...] pilot control behaviour and interference response ( Figure Z 11 ). The observer control technology can also be used in the case of non-linear controllers ( Figure Z 12 ).

hydraulic valves receive their own electronic control onboard and thus their own intelligence, they can work completely independently and also offer numerous additional functions. The electronic control [...] which reduces data exchange to a minimum and significantly reduces the risk of system overload. The CAN-BUS is often used for networking in mobile machines. In stationary applications in industrial environments

peaks. This can be used to select the flow rate Q 1 of the pump according to the average consumption V N during a working cycle t S: ( accumulator consumption diagram ). Multiple consumers can be operated

the flow control valves can be arranged between the directional valve and the working element. In this case, they operate only in the direction in which they are installed. They can also be arranged before [...] against the load pressure, resulting in as low a power loss as possible. 3-way flow control valve (d) : Can only be arranged in the inlet. The pump only works against load pressure, resulting in the lowest possible

pressure + geodetic pressure. This equation yields the related energy element as The last term ρ · g · h can generally be ignored in hydraulics, as it is mostly only a few tenths of a bar. The kinetic energy [...] pressure in the still full chamber will be zero. The compression energy released during this process can be significant. Example: ΔV k = 1.0 L; p = 300 bar; compression energy: 15 · 103 Nm. If this 1 L flows

Signalling specific pressure values, Initiating control and regulation processes. Pressure switches can contain pistons, diaphragms or corrugated tubes as the pressure transmitting element. Although the [...] latter elements are absolutely free of leaks, they are only suitable for low pressures. Piston switches can also be designed for high pressures, but due to the sealing friction they have a hysteresis . In the