Open loop control system
87 a ). A control chain as a whole can always be connected to further systems in any functional relationship within a parent system (DIN 19 226) ( b ). A control can be considered as a chain (or series
Dirt absorbing capacity of a filter
real dirt holding capacity. This provides information on the quantity of dirt that a certain filter can hold before a reference pressure (normally the response pressure of the bypass valve ) is reached. [...] also a measure of the service life of that filter element . The dirt absorbing capacity of a filter can be calculated to a high degree of accuracy using the α-value. Its size depends primarily on the filter
Integrated position measuring systems
this on the outside ( hydraulic axis ). Integration does mean, however, that the measuring system can operate in oil and is resistant to pressure if the idea is to avoid very intricate designs. The following [...] principle. Whereas the first three use measurement lengths of 500 or 1000 mm, ultrasonic sensors can be manufactured for lengths of several metres. They may also feature a digital output.
Pipe screw connections
most common type of fitting, but can become problematic in the case of strong impacts or oscillations. Cutting ring fittings are preferred for metal pipes. However, they can also be used for plastic pipes [...] sides to connect the pipes to one another. Swivel fittings These are elbow fittings, in which you can select the outlet direction before the fitting is tightened ( Figure R 29 ). In terms of construction
Servo valve
of its dynamic properties. Therefore, frequencies over 150 Hz can be expected from a servo valve today at a damping of 0.6. However, that can only be achieved with extremely short control distances of a [...] by a two-stage servo valve ( Figure S 51 ). This means that overall gains of up to a factor of 108 can be achieved. The servo valve and its qualities largely determine the behaviour of the drive. That is
Laplace transformation
solving linear differential equations with constant coefficients based on given initial conditions. It can also be used for fault functions which give the value zero in the event of a negative argument. The [...] creates a unique but reversible relationship between the original function and the image function. It can be described using the following equation: The variable s = σ + jω describes a complex frequency.
Speed characteristic of hydraulic motors
motors at Q 1max and on variable displacement motors at the V 2min at which the internal friction can still just be overcome. The lowest rotation speed is reached if Q 1 is just greater than the leakage [...] and with 9 pistons approx. 16 rev/min.). At lower rotation speeds the relative delivery fluctuation can be corrected with the aid of a control algorithm via the pivoting angle.
Measuring device
measured signal and output a measured value to represent a measured variable (Figure M 19). Between these can be found transfer elements such as measuring amplifiers , and measuring converters . Since these devices [...] position in the feedback section will, however, have a real impact on the controlled variable , which can never therefore be more accurate than its measuring device!
Types of mounting of cylinders
cylinders a differentiation is made between four basic forms (Figure B 4) : Flange mounting : The flange can be attached to the head (item a) or to the base (b). In a, position B, the fastening screws must absorb [...] in all planes (h). The centre of gravity is always at the end of the cylinder. Trunnion mounting : Can be attached at any point along the length of the cylinder (i, k). A common design is pivoting at the
Operating viscosity
Information on the operating viscosity characterises the viscosity range in which the entire system can operate. A differentiation is made between three key figures: Maximum start viscosity : Characterises [...] the still just permissible viscosity limit and with it the lowest temperature at which the system can still just be operated. A higher viscosity will cause cavitation to occur in the pump. Minimum operating