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toothed rack that can be integrated or fitted externally. High response proportional valve (a four edge valve) and spool form in this manner a highly accurate following system that can be operated digitally [...] position. With such electro-hydraulic linear amplifiers position accuracies between 0.002 and 0.01 mm can be achieved.

values (synchronisation error) can be used in the control system to increase the synchronisation accuracy (e.g. master-slave principle). The closed loop synchronisation control can be implemented electrically [...] control systems there are various ways of realising this action: in the simple form the first actuator can be open loop controlled and the second closed loop controlled, where the actual value of the open loop

themselves. Although all signals can be processed in parallel as a result of this, changes and expansions to the program require more effort than when using a PLC. VPS can either have a fixed program, i [...] cannot be changed (e.g. through fixed wire or circuit board connections) or reprogrammable , i.e. they can be changed (e.g. through plug-in wired connections, diode matrices, punched cards, cross bar distributors

angle. It can be obtained either by direct measurement or by differentiating the position. Differentiation of analogue signals If the position is available as an analogue voltage, the velocity can be determined [...] application a gearwheel can be used to change the field directly. The frequency of the output voltage is then defined by the rotation speed and the number of teeth. An analysis circuit can convert the pulse [...] used up to now (Figure G 9 a) . Even at low rotation speed these devices provide a DC signal that can be evaluated without problems. This voltage is proportional to the rotation speed over a wide tacho

steps and their sequence for a switching cycle are defined, as can be seen in (Figure F 42) . This representation of the individual functions can be further supplemented by the oil consumption diagram and [...] and the accumulator volume diagram. As at the same time signals that trigger a function can be added, mostly with their signal elements , the function diagram also represents a graphic link between the signal

position control systems , namely velocity and acceleration, can be taken from the observer. Alternatively, the velocity and acceleration can also be found by differentiation. [...] required for a state controller State variable cannot be measured or are difficult to measure, this can be replaced by monitoring the behaviour of these variables (Figure Z 9). To that end, a mathematical

function alarm is issued, which is analysed and reported by the microprocessor. The self-monitoring can be performed by way of suitable sensors in signal processing by methods of plausibility checking, which [...] This labels a configuration, which identifies error messages of individual sensors, isolates them and can replace their signals with estimates. In measurement technology, the self monitoring is achieved by [...] enhancing the measuring device to include a , which gives it the properties of an adaptive system, which can also compensate for interference during operation.

small that they can be ignored. Therefore, in most cases the systems will be 1st, 2nd or 3rd order. A 1st order system has only one energy store (e.g. mass to be accelerated). They can only be used in [...] in hydraulic systems if the compressibility of the oil can be ignored (e.g. under favourable circumstances in the case of copy or following control valves ). A 2nd order system has two energy stores, consisting

i), output variables (y i) and state variables (x i) can be pooled into vectors. In the case of linear, time-variable systems, the state equations can be represented as follows: The system matrix A describes [...] standard equations, by introducing state variables x 1(t)...x n(t) as intermediate variables, this can always be converted into a system of differential equations or 1st order differential equations and

from an eccentric thrust ring on the outer diameter, which can be moved along a guided route. The output volume or geometric displacement can be changed continuously by moving the eccentric thrust ring [...] radial piston pump, are arranged in a star shape around and perpendicular to the drive axis. They can be subjected to pressure from the inside or outside by pressure fluid and are, amongst other things