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Directional valve with five annular channels in the housing for ports A, B, P and T. The spring chambers F 1 and F 2 remain outside the control area of the valve and can have a dedicated drain port (Figure F 39) [...] and the flow forces are better here than on the alternative three chamber valve . Also it is possible to influence the switching time by throttling the flow rate in the connection line between the two spring

associated with hysteresis and the reversal error for the continuously adjustable valve (between 0.1% and 2 to 3%), errors resulting from friction in the drive, errors caused by the presence of an external

(constant) inlet pressure p 1 and the (variable) outlet pressure (load pressure) p L, the lower the flow. With a constant inlet pressure and variable load pressures, it is not possible to achieve a constant flow [...] can only be removed from the circuit via the system's pressure-limiting valve. As this valve is set to the nominal pressure p N, there are relatively high power losses (see control with throttle ). Figure

direction of rotation can also be reversed. The combination of these possibilities yields, transferred to Cartesian co-ordinates, three variants: single quadrant operation, two quadrant operation and four [...] Single quadrant operation of a drive occurs if the direction of rotation and the torque are the same (1st quadrant). On hydrostatic displacement machines this situation represents normal pump/motor operation [...] torque (driving and braking, 3rd and 4th quadrant). Example: hydraulic pump that becomes a motor due to the pull from the load. With four quadrant operation the drive operates with changing direction of

then leaks away again. To prevent it being lost, the charge is renewed at short intervals (of a few ms). This occurs automatically via the processor. DRAM is currently available up to 1 Mbit. [...] Static RAM, SRAM : The storage cells consist of bistable circuitry elements with a functionality similar to that of a flip-flop. The information is not volatile; it is stored until the storage element concerned [...] of semiconductor elements which are generally integrated into computers as the main memory and used to prepare large volumes of data and programs. A distinction is made between: ROM: Read-only memory. Memory

either displayed or it is used to stop the machine or to correct the process in the context of feedback . The additional effort for diagnostic programs can be very high (up to 100 % of the control program) [...] Special form of expert system that is designed to cover all realistically possible errors and that is capable of preparing a cause-effect analysis to suit the requirements and criteria of the user. Diagnostic [...] the task (Table D 1) . Unambiguous diagnostics are often only possible if several measured signals are evaluated at the same time; pre-defined evaluation strategies are necessary to identify errors during

necessary to define the structure of the system (linear?, which order?, etc.) and determine the gains within the individual blocks. The result is the respective model of open loop system (Figure I 1) . In

density of the pressure fluid p 1 - p 2 = pressure before the pressure resistance minus pressure after the flow resistance. The flow coefficient takes into account all losses due to fluid friction and turbulence

operating pressure-time curves for cylinders and make it easier to categorise cylinders with widely varying requirement profiles in relation to their load. Five basic load types are defined: Quasi-static pressure [...] oscillations can rise to 30 bar above p N. Calculation: static against deformation and overload fracture as well as dynamic against fatigue fracture, each with pN + 30 bar (Figure B 8) . Swelling pressure [...] pressure : Characteristic: max. operating pressure is less than or equal to the nominal pressure p N . Superimposed pressure fluctuations do not exceed p N and are smaller than 0.3 p N (Figure B 6) . Pressure

used with two construction designs, which differ in terms of the bearing of the piston and piston rod: 1st cylinder with hydrostatic bearing and 2nd cylinder with contact seals, which must have a particularly [...] Figure S 54 ). As their stiffness also depends on the oil volume in the cylinder, they are not easy to handle in terms of control technology.