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Coefficient of a linear differential equation that describes the transfer function of a system with the parameters damped natural frequency and damping D as the result. d is determined from the measur

As hydraulic systems have low inherent damping, additional measures must be taken to shorten the transient response. This is achieved by: Measures to convert energy, i.e. by throttling, friction or in

Roof-shaped, low height seal shape of which several, often with different materials, are assembled to form roof-shaped seal sets (Figure D 1) . In principle a differentiation is made between two forms

Where there is friction, there is wear. This also applies to seals . Here the wear depends on: The system pressure (seal is pressed against a surface); The surface roughness of the sliding surfaces (R

Combination of several individual seals with a pressure ring and a support ring to improve the sealing action. Sealing sets are predominantly used in this form as rod seals. For piston seals in genera

If contact seals must seal against moving surfaces, friction is produced that causes wear. The friction force necessary to overcome this friction reduces at the same time the movement force (e.g. pist

Outline shape of a contact seal . Corresponding to the wide-ranging requirements there are numerous profile shapes that almost all have a sealing edge as a common feature. (Exception, e.g., sealing ri

Replaceable functional element in a sealing system.

Systems that are intended to prevent pressure equalisation between two chambers at different pressures and that are connected together by gaps. For this purpose non-contact seals ( gap seals ) or - mo

Interaction of various seals at a sealing point (e.g. on a piston rod) to address the increased sensitivity to leakage with operating conditions that are becoming harder at the same time: a situation