Bond graphs
Graphic representation of dynamic systems using the electric-hydraulic analogy (Figure B 23) . It is used for simulations on personal computers in the time domain using the program TUTSIM and to deter
Density function of a liquid
The density of a fluid changes with temperature and pressure. It reduces with temperature and increases with pressure (Figure D 12) . The density-pressure function is determined by, among other things
Scraping seal
Piston rod seal as combination of a grooved ring seal with rounded sealing edge with a scraper (Figure D 11) . Often an angled metal ring is vulcanised into the seal to improve the seating of the ring
Diagnostic systems
Special form of expert system that is designed to cover all realistically possible errors and that is capable of preparing a cause-effect analysis to suit the requirements and criteria of the user. Di
Detergent/dispergent mineral oils
Mineral oils that are able to partially emulsify any water or to hold it in suspension until it evaporates with increasing temperature. Larger amounts of water (above approx. 2 %) are, on the other ha
De-emulsifying mineral oils
Mineral oils that due to the careful selection of base oils and additives, and occasionally with the assistance of special admixtures, are able to rapidly separate out any water. This action is prefer
Strain gauge
Sensor that changes its electrical resistance in proportion to the mechanical strain under load. Strain gauges are suitable for the electrical measurement of all mechanical variables that can produce
Expandable hose
Hose that is designed such that - unlike a normal hose - it expands a relatively large amount under pressure (Figure D 8) . In this way it is particularly suitable for removing pressure peaks and pres
Continuous pressure
Constant pressure with which a device or a system can be loaded during the intended lifetime in defined operating conditions (DIN 24 312).