Noise level L p
Logarithmic sound pressure p, in relation to the sound pressure p o The reference sound pressure p O (pO = 20 μPa) is equal to the noise pressure of the human hearing threshold level at 1000 Hz in dB. [...] therefore the measuring distance must always be stated along with the noise level (for humans: normally 1 m). In practice, calculating the noise level of a deployed machine is problematic: cf. Noise measurement
Top pressure limit
1. Top limit for any temporary exceeding of the calculated pressure where a device or system will still be functional (DIN 24 312). 2. Pressure ranges above around 800 bar are referred to as the top pressure
Hydraulic cylinder
With this approach, a single cylinder is able to apply forces ranging from just a few N to up to 300,000 kN during strokes ranging from just a few cm to over 20 m. There are 3 basic designs available: [...] Cylinder designed to be used with hydraulic fluids at generally higher pressures (of around 100 bar and above). Given the relatively low compressibility of the fluid and the low weight of a piston, hydraulic [...] available: single acting cylinders and double-acting cylinders with 1 or 2 piston rods. There are also numerous special forms. The load for a hydraulic cylinder is based on the respective load model . In terms
Dynamic pressure principle for flow rate measurement
force of a flow rate on a body, e.g. a Prandtl tube ( Figure S 78 ). This is then used to measure the static pressure p 1 and the dynamic pressure p 2 and thereby calculate the flow rate from the
Accumulator
1. A term only used infrequently these days for hydraulic accumulator . 2. Register in a computer system for carrying out mathematical operations, this register contains an operand prior to carrying out
Air in oil
potential for the output element to produce stuttering movements, premature ageing of oil, destruction of seals during relief. Air dissolves in oil in proportion to the pressure (up to around 300 bar). This means [...] 1. Providing the air is dissolved in the oil, it will not affect its characteristics. 2. Undissolved air, i.e. bubbles, cause the following: signs of corrosion on pumps and controls, increased compressibility
Flame-resistant hydraulic fluids
temperature than mineral oil to ignite (approx. 350–400°C). These groups are very similar to mineral oil in terms of their viscosity characteristics, while HFA is water-thin ( Table S 1 ). In most cases, the [...] pressure fluids (DIN 24 320) require a special structure, while HFC and HFD pressure fluids can be used to operate all construction elements in hydraulic systems under certain constraints (VDMA 24 317).
Post-cure, overcure
1. Subsequent heat treatment (tempering) of certain elastomers whereby optimal characteristics do not emerge until the associated final linking occurs. 2. Unwelcome additional linking under the influence [...] influence of oil components (e.g. certain additives ) at a high temperature. This always leads to a deterioration in characteristics (e.g. things become brittle).
Contact ratio t p
overall surface area ( Figure T 15 ). To keep the wear of the seals within a limit the surface area moved past the surface should have a contacting ratio of at least 50% (1:2).
Labyrinth seal
of the gap assuming a meandering or zigzag pattern ( Figure L 1 ). Labyrinth seals — mainly filled with grease — are used in hydraulics to protect roller bearings in heavily contaminated atmospheres.