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Hydraulic motor designed to run smoothly at very low rotation speeds without any need for transmission. The term slow speed high torque motor is not strictly defined, but it is restricted to a rotatio

Flow in pipes; flow in gaps. Below the critical Reynolds number (depending on the shape of the cross section), a laminar flow will apply. The individual elements of the fluid only move in the directio

Flow resistor () with laminar flow, e.g. capillary gap. Has a largely linear flow rate pressure characteristic .

whose task is to adjust the position (distance or angle of rotation) of an element (e.g. valve control spool, slide) to match a setpoint as closely as possible. The negative feedback for the controlle

Hydraulic resistance control for an actuator with two type A hydraulic half bridges. For example, the control of a hydraulic cylinder with a dual effect with a continuously adjustable directional valv

Block diagram

Pneumatic time element, which has the same construction as an RC element, i.e. a combination of a throttle valve and a small air container. After the container is filled, a valve is reversed ( Figure

Elementary or parallel-connected transfer elements with additional time delays. They are marked Tk, where the index k states the order of the delay (according to Din 19 226 Part 2).

Controller with a delay element (e.g. PT1).

Before any evaluation of measured values of a measured variable , a test should be conducted as to whether the measurements have been taken under the same test conditions and independently of one anot