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Pulse width modulation

Valve actuation is performed by means of a control impulse. Here, the switching time depends on whether direct or indirect actuation is involved, with switching being far shorter for the latter (a few

Signals which mimic pulses, such as when photoelectric light barriers (gates) output a pulse for activation or deactivation purposes when a beam is interrupted.

Hydraulic pump which operates in accordance with the hydrodynamic principle (centrifugal pump) and is used as a filling pump for hydrostatic pumps, particularly variable pumps (Figure I 3) . Advantage

General form of resistance. Impedance Z is a complex physical variable (actual and notional element), which takes the following form R = resistive element of resistance jωL = inductive element of resi

Transfer elements

In hydraulic systems, locking is required primarily for safety aspects (aircraft landing gear, lifting platforms, etc). Additional equipment is also used, such as locking units ( Figure V 15 a ) or cl

The total power lost by a hydraulic system is converted into heat, which is largely absorbed by the pressure fluid . It is comprised of the pressure losses caused by pipe friction and flow deflections

Sum of losses arising in a fluid system. It is comprised of the pressure losses caused by mechanical and hydraulic friction and flow losses , leakage losses , throttle losses , which generally constit

Losses in hydrostatic displacement machines are comprised of the leakage losses in the displacement elements and the control surfaces (summarised in the volumetric efficiency η Vol) and moment losses,