Flame-resistant hydraulic fluids
terms of their viscosity characteristics, while HFA is water-thin ( Table S 1 ). In most cases, the HFA pressure fluids (DIN 24 320) require a special structure, while HFC and HFD pressure fluids can be [...] be used to operate all construction elements in hydraulic systems under certain constraints (VDMA 24 317).
Pressure difference
Difference between two pressures p 1 and p 2 : If the pressure difference is the measured variable it is called the differential pressure p 1,2 (DIN 24 312).
Plug-in valve, 2-way plug-in valve
by conventional means or using proportional valves. The circuit symbols are defined in DIN 24 342 data sheet 1. [...] way the function of a 4-direction valve is replaced by four single valves that can now be operated, e.g. also with overlaps ( Figure Z 16 ). This procedure is cost effective because the same basic 2/2 unit [...] valve. The layout is typically that of seated valves that are inserted in a bore in accordance with DIN 24 342 and that are sealed upwards by a control plate. They can also be in the form of spool valves as
Pressure
the area of this surface A ( DIN 24 312 ): The derived unit for pressure in the SI system is the pascal: 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. In fluid technology p is mostly stated in bar (1 bar = 105 N/m2). However, MPa (106 N/m2)
Response pressure
Pressure that triggers a function or actuates an individual element (DIN 24 312 and DIN 3320 Part 1).
Top pressure limit
1. Top limit for any temporary exceeding of the calculated pressure where a device or system will still be functional (DIN 24 312). 2. Pressure ranges above around 800 bar are referred to as the top pressure
Calculated pressure
or systems are calculated under defined conditions to obtain functionality (see also DIN 2401, Part 1). The calculated pressure can be definitive for the operating pressure (corresponds to the actual pressure [...] operated. The calculated pressure corresponds to the rated value in accordance with DIN 40 200 (DIN 24 312).
Response sensitivity
stated in mA or in % of the nominal current (DIN 24 311). The term can best be explained using digital technology: A five-stage digital valve has 25—1 = 31 steps between zero and maximum, i.e. a resolution
Hoses
wire braiding or spirals, which are embedded in intermediate layers of elastic materials ( Figure S 24 ). The hoses in hydraulic systems are wearing parts, whose strength is reduced, amongst other things [...] DIN 20 024 Hoses and hose line testing in fluid technology Safety rules for hydraulic hose lines ZH 1/74, German Federation of Institutions for Statutory Accident Insurance and Prevention
Accumulator drive
r performs the task of providing energy at power peaks. This can be used to select the flow rate Q 1 of the pump according to the average consumption V N during a working cycle t S: ( accumulator consumption [...] consumers becomes more different. Hydraulic accumulators are to be designed in accordance with DIN 24 552 with a pressure measuring device, safety device to protect against overpressure ( safety valve