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filter is to hold back undissolved foreign particles in hydraulic fluid. This makes it an important part of any hydraulic system. The aim of filtering is that The wear on moving parts due to foreign particles [...] increased; Malfunctions due to blockages in gaps as well jamming of valve control spools and therefore interruptions in operation are prevented; The ageing of the hydraulic fluid due to chemical processes as [...] larger particles remain in front of the gap and significantly smaller particles pass through the gap without damaging its surfaces. Distinctions are made: Based on the operation pressure: suction filter and

a test should be conducted as to whether the measurements have been taken under the same test conditions and independently of one another. To that end, it is sufficient to issue two limit cases from a variety [...] test conditions. Repeat conditions : are present if the same observer performs measurements according to a defined measuring procedure on the same measurement object under the same test conditions (same measuring [...] of comparison : are present if different observers take measurements at different times according to a defined measurement procedure on the same measurement object under different test conditions (different

distribution ensures a continuous fluid supply to the hydraulic consumers independent of the pump capacity. With the help of pressure compensation, the oil flow to the consumers is proportionally distributed [...] the case if the system is undersupplied by the pump. Each valve section has its maximum flow rate. Without flow distribution, the fluid will choose the path of least resistance if the pump cannot provide [...] receiving even more flow than required, while the other valves are practically cut off in their supply. To get this problem under control, a downstream must first be used instead of an upstream pressure compensator

particularly in systems with purely metallic seals, without contributing any useful work. Apart from the geometric variables associated with the site of the leak, the size of any leakage will depend on [...] = eccentricity. A leakage in continuously adjustable valves is the flow rate from the pressure line to the return line where sealed working lines are involved. With continuously adjustable directional valves

the . Proportional solenoid : solenoid on which due to the special arrangement of the magnetic flux a force proportional to the current is applied to the armature over a certain adjustment travel. Cheap [...] stator winding. The number of angular steps of the rotor corresponds to the number of pulses and the rotational speed corresponds to the pulse frequency. The low power of stepper motors (approx. 100 W) [...] electro-hydraulic linear or torque amplifiers. The result is simple but precise positioning drives without external distance measuring systems.

process. The sequence of all sub-functions is to be stored, the workflows are to be ensured in the correct order and at the correct time and a check is to be performed that the function has been performed [...] open action flow, without considering the influence of disturbance variables on the actual state ( Figure S 89 ). In contrast to , control can be used as a collective term in regard to the functional workflow [...] (signal flow) and in terms of power (power flow). As both have very different structures according to their function and devices, this distinction must be observed in all cases ( Figure S 91 ).

device, the final controlling device intervenes in a mass flow and/or an energy flow of the device to be controlled. The properties of the final controlling device are described by the entirety of the [...] of its elements (e.g. P behaviour, I behaviour, etc., duration, memory action, amongst others). Due to their internal structure, final controlling devices are normally much slower than the signal processing [...] between: Continuous final controlling devices, which adjust the mass flow and/or energy flow of the device to be controlled constantly within the design range based on an analogue input signal. A quasi-continuous

the task. A differentiation is made between: Active errors : Errors that trigger control functions without the conditions defined in the program. Passive errors : Errors that block control tasks despite the [...] dangerous error in a control can only be derived from the interaction of the control with the device to be controlled. Here both active errors (e.g. unintended placing in operation) and also passive errors

valves to be operated with a pressure drop of 5 bar for each control edge at the nominal flow . Nevertheless, natural frequencies of 20 to 50 Hz occur at 90° phase lag are the result. If this proves to be [...] sensitivity and reproducibility .Proportional valves — unlike servo valves — are not particularly sensitive to contamination (e.g. recommended filter unit 25 μm compared with 3...5 μm) and therefore more durable [...] addition, NG 6 valves are used as pilot valves. Continuous adjustment allows the proportional valve to perform a throttle function as well. This is why its control pistons feature fine control grooves

significantly smaller Reynolds numbers ( Table R 1 ). Round smooth pipes 2,200 to 2,300 concentric smooth gaps 1,100 to 1,200 eccentric smooth gaps 1,000 to 1,050 concentric gap with recesses 700 eccentric [...] eccentric gap with recesses 400 rotary vanes (spigots) 550 to 750 valve ports of spools 250 to 275 valves with flat or conical seat 25 to 100 Calculate the Reynolds number directly and easily in our hydraulic [...] ratio of the forces of inertia to the forces of viscosity or friction in flowing Newtonian liquids. It depends on the flow velocity v, the line cross section d i related to a circular area and the kinematic