Silencer
connection with this, without preventing the transport of the fluid. In hydraulics : The silencer is intended to reduce the pressure fluctuations in the line downstream of the pump. To operate in the widest [...] frequency range, the effects of the entire system must be considered, i.e. such a silencer must be adapter to the respective system. This is a common failure. When working primarily with reflective silencers with [...] of the silencer in hydraulic systems is impaired by the fact that its optimal efficiency is limited to a few frequencies, but the pressure pulsations of pumps comprise a relatively broad spectrum. In addition
Flow in gaps
between two stationary areas due to a pressure difference, (theoretically) a symmetrical velocity profile will form ( Figure S 101 a ), which is caused by adhesion of the fluid to the surface. The flow rate/pressure [...] However, if a surface is moved at velocity v (e.g. the piston rod), a Newtonian drag flow will form without a differential pressure with a velocity distribution ( b ). These two velocity profiles overlap if
Filter installation
(b) , high pressure filters (c) and return filters (d) , if they are dimensioned large enough to be able to absorb the (mostly significantly) larger reflux flow. If this is not the case, only a partial [...] (e) , i.e. only part of the flow rate passes through the filter and the rest goes straight to the tank without filtering. In very large systems filtering is undertaken in the secondary flow (f) , as a separate
Circulation losses in hydraulic systems
In order to be ready for operation, hydraulic systems normally need the pump to continue running even if its flow rate is not needed at that time, e.g. in the loading phase of a working cycle. The pump [...] pump is then switched to circulation, i.e. the flow rate is circulated back to the container on the shortest route possible with the smallest possible pressure loss. Either the centre position of a directional [...] case of variable pumps if they do not have p/Q feedback control - which is not always without losses, as in addition to the internal idling losses in the pump, there are also flow and pressure losses, which
Centralised hydraulic oil supply
(Figure Z 4b). As a result, the total performance to be installed does not need to be specified according to the peak consumption of each user, but according to the average consumption, which is again reduced [...] at different times. Equally, multiple circuits can be simultaneously supplied with hydraulic oil without reactions, as the central hydraulic oil supply constitutes a constant pressure system . The benefits
Proportional amplifier
on a European circuit board . A specific electronic amplifier card is allocated to a specific type of proportional device: valves without a closed loop position control system (force-controlled proportional
Wheel motor
which are designed such that the shaft is fixed and the housing, which is connected to the rim, turns ( Figure R 8 ). [...] be integrated directly into the wheels of a vehicle. This produces a direct transfer of the force without interposing a manual transition, cardan shaft and differential gear. In addition, either high speed
DC solenoid
rectifier are required. It is possible to accelerate the increase in current by means of fast excitation or by means of over-excitation (Figure G 19) . In relation to the layout a differentiation is made [...] comprises a steel section and a non-ferrous section for reasons related to the magnetic flux. The armature axis does not need to be sealed (Figure G 20) . This design is primarily used these days. [...] switching figures are also possible, The armature can be maintained in any intermediate position without the current (the force) increasing excessively. Disadvantages : Relatively long switching times,
Controller
and forms the correcting variable from the difference ( control deviation ) ( Figure R 21 ). In order to achieve a stable feedback control, the properties of the controller must be coordinated with the controlled [...] and correcting variable. Non-linear controllers do not have dynamic performance, i.e. they work without delay and are characterised by a non-linear characteristic curve. Sampling controllers sample a constant
Cylinder
the velocity can be adjusted to different requirements by changing the flow rate selecting the operating pressure allows the dimensions of a cylinder to be greatly adjusted to the available installation [...] cylinder): With this approach, forces from just a few N up to 300,000 kN can be applied by a single cylinder during strokes ranging from just a few cm to 20 m. The set-up is very easy, as shown in ( Figure Z [...] follows: the force is generated directly, without intermediate mechanical elements, the force can be applied at any point of the stroke and in any size up to the nominal force, the usable stroke can be