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Control concept, which includes all state variables which influence the system's behaviour in the (e.g. positions, pressures, velocity, acceleration, amongst others). For example, for a closed loop po

If the transfer function of a system is described by state equations , this results in a set of first order differential equations, each of which respectively links the input and output of an integrat

If the alignment of the output variables to the input variables in a transfer element is described by a system of differential equations or differential equations and standard equations, by introducin

The state diagram shows the function sequence of one or more work units and the control technology links of the accompanying structural elements at two coordinates. At one coordinate, the state, e.g.

If the state variables required for a state controller State variable cannot be measured or are difficult to measure, this can be replaced by monitoring the behaviour of these variables (Figure Z 9).

Orifices have different tendencies to accumulate contaminations in the pressure fluid . This changes the flow characteristics, and the orifice may become completely clogged under certain circumstances

In general : Change of the input signal that is necessary to generate a measurable change in the output variable, if the input signal is changed from a static point in the same direction in which the

Reversing motor

Hydrostatic displacement machines

In position measurement with ultrasound (US), a US signal is issued, which is reflected by the moving body. The duration of the system measured in this way is proportional to the distance travelled. A