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Period of time, which must at least be maintained by a step of a program regardless of process feedbacks (DIN 19 237).

The power loss in hydraulic systems results in an inflowing heat flow W z, which partly fills the heat capacity C of the oil and the metal parts surrounding it (pipes, cylinders, motors): Another part

Position which control elements take if parts of them become defective or fail. The fail safe position triggers either a backup operation or secures a position which ensures the safety of the system (

Device used to add heat to the hydraulic fluid. It is required where the temperature of the fluid should also be constant at the start of the operating period. The preheating normally takes place elec

Flow rate required for pilot actuation of a multi-stage valve. Its size results from the control volume and the desired reversal time. The pilot flow rate may become unexpectedly large due to the norm

Valve that is used for pilot actuation of another valve. This is known as a pilot valve. Pilot valves are primarily required for directional , pressure , flow and 2-way plug-in valves.

Pressure actuation of a (normally larger) valve using a suitable (normally small) valve, which is mechanically or electrically actuated.

Hydro-mechanical signal converter.

Pressure valve , which maintains a pressure before its inlet that is normally adjustable using a spring (e.g. to maintain a dynamic pressure).