Lip seal
as roof-shaped seals and lip seals — although the latter are not used very often now. Lip seals are generally designed to be undersized or oversized both inside and out, which produces the required preload
Water hydraulics
addition, in this situation compared to mineral oil cavitation occurs much more easily. Due to these handicaps water hydraulics have been limited to a few special areas up to now. [...] properties, often special devices and device designs must be used. This statement applies above all to gap seals that produce excessively high leakage losses with pressurised water. For this reason valve
Hydraulic half bridges
throttle ) are used to control the movement of hydraulic motors and cylinders ( control with throttle ), this is based on the principle of connecting pressure dividers (similar to electrical voltage dividers) [...] at the output. These circuit arrangements are referred to as hydraulic half bridges by way of analogy with the electrical half bridge. In order to control each displacement chamber of an actuator , a single [...] single half bridge is required. Within the field of hydraulics, there are now five different types of half bridges. The first four are summarised in (Figure H 14) . The fifth half bridge is like a spare
Programmed control
program memory (programmer). Its task is to pick out a point in the respective program and issue corresponding function commands. In order for a work process to be able to run automatically, the control problem [...] involving mechanical sequencers, as well as controls based on punched cards. Until now, process-dependent controls have been referred to as "sequence controls". Another distinguishing characteristic is the
Filler filter
air filter to filter the air flowing into the tank and a filler sieve to retain the coarse dirt during filling. It is appropriate to combine the filler filter with the flushing power pack , as otherwise [...] As new mineral oil is most definitely not pure (generally contamination class 6...7 according to NAS 1638), it should be filtered on filling the tank. Filler filters and breather filters comprise an air
Reversing pump
Variable pump that pans from +max, though zero, to –max flow rate . Thus the suction line becomes the pressure line and vice versa without changing the rotating direction ( Figure R 27 ). Reversing pumps [...] pumps are used in closed circuits, where they allow the rotating direction of the motor to be changed without valve control. At the same time, the switchover is very smooth, as - unlike the valve control [...] rate is also zero at the moment in which the direction of the movement is changed. The same applies to cylinder drives in half-open hydraulic circuits, which is readily exploited for that reason in the
Noise level addition
therefore rather elaborate, but necessary when attempting to determine the changed noise level at the installation location before installing a new machine.
Signal transducer
potentiometer to reduce the voltage (DIN 19 226). In measuring technology : Transducers which have the same physical size on the input and output, but have different values and work without auxiliary energy [...] without auxiliary energy, which converts an input signal into an with the same physical properties and a value range suitable for the downstream elements. Example: Voltage converter, electrical potentiometer
Concentrates
Elements to be mixed in with pressurised water ( HWBF ) to give the water lubricity and corrosion protection. They usually make up 2 to 5% of a hydraulic fluid. A distinction is made between three groups: [...] susceptible to microbes. Solutions : Concentrates based on soluble polyglycols. They are stable and demonstrate relatively good wear behaviour; they are biodegradable. Microemulsions : New type of concentrate
Control error
transition from a steady state to another after a change of the disturbance variables or guide variables . The reference variable is the setpoint of the control variable in the new steady state (EDIN 19 226