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49 ). Both work in an open loop control system, i.e. without feedback so that interferences are not taken into consideration. They are used for up to approx. 20 lpm flow rate . The most commonly used two-stage [...] primary control stage in proportion to the input signal ( Figure S 50 ). A feedback spring is used as standard for the position feedback. For flows greater than 150 to 200 lpm, three-stage servo valves are [...] a high pressure difference at the control edges is required to force the desired flow rate through this gap. Servo valves operate according to the principle of control with throttle . This control principle

heating ΔT of an oil volume V (without heat dissipation) is calculated from the supplied power PH, the period Δt of power supply, the specific heat capacity of the medium c (~1.88 kJ/(kg*K) for Oil, ~4.18

mostly binary tiered pistons that can be operated in any combination. Therefore with n pistons 2n-1 positions are obtained with a positioning accuracy that is only dependent on the manufacturing accuracy [...] . Although digital cylinders are very complex, they permit exact positioning with defined steps without control and measuring technology.

is connected to a drive motor (e.g. a stepper motor ), while the working element (e.g. a hydraulic motor) is linked to the valve housing ( Figure R 35 ). If the valve control spool is now deflected, the [...] oil and runs behind the valve control spool. If the control shaft is still, the motor will continue to turn until the control openings are closed by the turning housing. ( Sequence control ).

cranes, loaders, etc.). These conditions are due in part to the mobility, and in part to the tasks and environmental conditions. This leads to special requirements in terms of design too for the hydraulic [...] trucks, special vehicles), for which a separate group known as "vehicle hydraulics" has emerged. We now therefore have both mobile hydraulics and stationary hydraulics .

Hydraulic pump with pistons arranged alongside one another and perpendicular to the drive shaft Piston ( Figure R 24 ). They are preferably made as single-piston pumps (also for manual operation) or as [...] pressurised water operation . Pumps with banked pistons/in-line piston pump with multiple pistons are now worthless.

converts these into a distance, proportional to deflection, for the following hydraulic cylinder () ( Figure K 32 ). Copying valves are only rarely used now; they have been supplanted by various forms of

The related material problems have only been addressed for small dimensions and low pressures up to now. [...] designed such that - unlike a normal hose - it expands a relatively large amount under pressure (Figure D 8) . In this way it is particularly suitable for removing pressure peaks and pressure oscillations , i

flow ( Figure U 1 a ). Negative overlap : The piston is shorter than the ring nut. In rest position, all ports are connected (open-centre position), i.e. there is a flow rate even without a switching movement [...] elements with a piston design, this states the seal length between the allocated control edges ( Figure U 1 ). in rest position, together with the size of the gap, it determines the leakage ( Figure U 2 ). During [...] movement ( Figure U 1 b ). Zero overlap (zero cut) : The control edges of the piston and ring nut meet with a high degree of accuracy. In this position, there is no flow rate (apart from leaked oil), but

for hydraulic seals are predominantly elastomers and, to a lesser extent, thermoplastics . Metallic seals are now no longer relevant really. In terms of the arrangement, a distinction is made between piston [...] Components whose job it is to seal areas under pressure in such a way that pressure levels are maintained. These are contact seals that may also be used at high pressures levels. The materials used for