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The basis is Bernoulli's equation for ideal, incompressible fluids: = static pressure + dynamic pressure + geodetic pressure. This equation yields the related energy element as The last term ρ · g · h

Filter element that withstands a differential pressure that is at least as large as the nominal pressure of the system, without damage occurring to its structure or the filter material.

Printed circuit board (PCB) with electronic controller - at European manufacturers mostly in the eurocard format - that is used to control a proportional valve or servo valve. The control card is most

In general : Valve with three controlled ports. For directional valves : Valve with inlet, cylinder line, outlet (suitable to control a single action cylinder).

without auxiliary energy, which converts an input signal into an with the same physical properties and a value range suitable for the downstream elements. Example: Voltage converter, electrical potent

The power input P of a pump is calculated from the pressure p and the flow Q as well as from the efficiency factor η of the pump. Alternatively, the power input can also be calculated from the torque

The heating ΔT of an oil volume V (without heat dissipation) is calculated from the supplied power PH, the period Δt of power supply, the specific heat capacity of the medium c (~1.88 kJ/(kg*K) for Oi

Throttle forms

Illustration of an analogue signal profile using the relative duration of a rectangular pulse within a specified cycle (period), which must become shorter as the process becomes more dynamic ( Figure

Processes the discrete time signals from a sampler. It comprises a controlled subsystem with , a microprocessor, a sampler (mostly A/D converters) and a holding element (Figure A 9). The sampler sampl