Operating life of a filter
Estimated time or time determined on similar systems that a filter element can be used before it must be replaced. The operating life is dependent on the filter selected, the amount of contamination t
ACFTD test dust
Air Cleaner Fine Test Dust (ACFTD)
Energy conversion
Of the most important forms of energy that can be used for drives (mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic) only mechanical energy does not require conversion (Figure E 29) . For all forms of energy the d
Control with replaceable ROM
Memory programmable control with read-only memory as program memory with content that, after successful programming, can only be changed by mechanical action in the controller (DIN 19 237). The contro
Control surface ratio
Ratio of the areas of valves subjected to the control pressure (hydraulic or pneumatic) Valve . The control surface ratio plays a particularly vital role in the case of 2-way plug-in valves ( Figure S
Cylinder velocity
The speed of hydraulic cylinders is calculated from the flow rate Q, the effective area of the cylinder A (extend speed - piston area , retract speed - annulus area ) and the number of cylinders ic. C
Volumetric losses
Arise with all displacement machines as the sum of the leaked oil and compression losses. The pressurised chambers in the devices are sealed off from moving components by mating surfaces and rods. The
Stiffness of actuators
with V = volume under pressure, A R = annular area in the cylinder. In the case of the differential cylinder there is an additional factor – the influence of the ratio of the piston surface area to th
Controller structures
Construction of a It may be simple – e.g. P-controller or PT1 controller, etc. – or complex (e.g. state control or adaptive control ).
Measurement uncertainty
Difference between the average value for the measurement, corrected to make up for any known systematic measuring errors , and the upper and lower limit for the (measurement uncertainty) interval with