Clamping pressure
Pressure p A or p B in the operating ports A or B with a load that is not subjected to load and hydraulic zero. The clamping pressure is then equal to half the sum pressure . This statement does not apply [...] pressure valves ! (DIN 24 311). The clamping pressure arises due to the throttling of the flow rate at the control elements (nozzles, edges of the valve control spool/slot) in the working lines to an unloaded
Noise measurement
the noise level p and noise intensity I. The noise measurement serves to determine the noise power of devices (noise emissions) on the one hand and the noise pressure or noise level at certain locations
Force vs. pressure
In a closed hydrostatic system (closed box without moving in the fluid) pressure p is constant at each point. The pressure F is calculated as the force F per unit area A and the number of cylinders ic
Friction conditions
0.5; Mixed friction (b) occurs in the transitional area between solid and liquid friction, μ = 0.1 to 0.2. Mixed friction is characterised by the simultaneous presence of areas with lubricating film and [...] c mechanisms of action. A distinction is made between three different friction conditions ( Figure R 23 ): Solid dry friction (a) arises due to adhesion and deformation in the case of direct contact between
Density function of a liquid
things, the compressibility of the fluid. With β = compression coefficient ρ o = density at atmospheric pressure p a = atmospheric pressure
5-chamber valve
Directional valve with five annular channels in the housing for ports A, B, P and T. The spring chambers F 1 and F 2 remain outside the control area of the valve and can have a dedicated drain port (Figure
Losses in displacement machines
sum of the theoretical displacement flow Q 2th and the leaked oil Q 2L: The moment created M 2eff is M 2v smaller than the theoretical (hydraulic) moment M 2th (b): [...] The effective delivery flow Q 1eff (flow rate at the pressure connection) of a pump is smaller than the theoretical drive rotation speed Q 1th by the leakage losses Q 1L (product of drive speed and d [...] drive torque M 1eff on the pump shaft is greater than the theoretical drive torque M 1th by the moment losses M 1V ( Figure V 13 a ): In the case of the motor, the effective displacement flow Q 2eff is formed
Pump control
placed under the full pressure, the pressure at the pressure/current controller (p/Q controller) is only slightly greater than the load pressure ( Figure P 36 ). If large flows need to be controlled, a [...] of one variable pump and several constant pumps , which can then be connected as desired ( Figure P 37 ). As larger masses are to be moved in the pump with the pump control than in the case of the control
Position measurement by potentiometer
based on changes in the resistance in an electrical conductor as a function of its length ( Figure P 14 ). These days, position measurement by potentiometer is mainly performed with potentiometers featuring [...] tend to offer better resolution than wire potentiometers (up to 0.01 mm). Advantage: high precision at a low price; disadvantage: these too are subject to wear.
Pulse code modulation
binary code. The sampling frequency was internationally set at 8 kHz and the number of amplitude values is limited to 256 (8-Bit codeword) ( Figure P 33 ).