Constant pump
Hydraulic pump with constant geometric displacement V 1 for each revolution and therefore a constant delivery flow Q 1 at constant drive speed n 1: Q 1 = V 1 · n 1.
Set pressure pe
implemented systems the response pressure is at the set pressure. At the opening pressure p c the full mass flow flows through the valve. The difference between p c and p e essentially depends on the stiffness [...] on a device (DIN 24 312). On pressure-limiting and safety valves (DIN 3320): set pressure p e is the pressure at which in test stand conditions (atmospheric back pressure), directly actuated pressure-limiting
Differential pressure measurement
To measure the differential pressure Δp the two pressures p 1 and p 2 must be separated from each other by diaphragms that are connected by a plunger. The deflection of the two diaphragms then corresponds
Flow in pipelines
filaments mix. The velocity profile is flatter and therefore for isothermic flows it becomes v max = 1.2*v m . As of a certain flow speed, which depends on the pipe diameter and the viscosity, the fluid becomes [...] number" R e (= critical flow speed). The flow which forms depends on the Reynolds number . As the formation of a laminar flow requires a build-up distance of the fluid flow pattern l a = 0.03 d i · R e (for [...] the limiting surface. Here the isothermic flow results in a parabolic velocity curve where v max = 2*v m (v m is the mean flow speed). The flow remains below the critical flow speed here. This type of
Parallel circuit / connected in parallel
resistance (load, friction) to overcome starts the movement ( Figure P 2 ). The next actuator only follows suit when the pressure at this point increases. [...] flow rate in the individual branches is divided up in inverse proportion to the resistance ( Figure P 1 ). The arrangement of devices in a parallel circuit, also referred to as redundancy, improves reliability
Corner power
transmission that is given by the max. flow rate and the max. pressure (Figure E 1) : P E = Q max · p max = M 2 · 2πn 2. On constant pumps and variable pumps with pressure controller the corner power is
Loading models for cylinders
ely periodically around pN as the average pressure. The swing p S of the pulsation is <0.5 p N . Calculation: static against deformation and overload fracture with p A = 1.25 p N ; dynamic against endurance [...] operating pressure is less than or equal to the nominal pressure p N . Superimposed pressure fluctuations do not exceed p N and are smaller than 0.3 p N (Figure B 6) . Pressure pulsation around an average : During [...] endurance fracture with an oscillation amplitude = p S /2 around the average p N (Figure B 7) . Swelling pressure with added pressure fluctuations : Approximately constant pulsation width; superimposed pressure
Power limiting
variable rotation speed, the torque M 1 will be kept constant the same way by V 1 adjusting itself to the changing pressure. If more than one pump is being used at a combustion engine, pure power limiting [...] drive with constant rotation speed (e.g. electric motor), restricts the power P as a product of the flow rate Q and pressure p to a maximum value, so the power drawn cannot exceed the drive power installed [...] pressure controller for a variable pump), something referred to as pressure limitation . As the pressure p 11 increases, the displacement volume V 11 and therefore the flow rate Q 11 are reduced in accordance
Energy content of hydraulic fluid
energy released during this process can be significant. Example: ΔV k = 1.0 L; p = 300 bar; compression energy: 15 · 103 Nm. If this 1 L flows away in 0.5 s, a power of approx. 30 kW is released. [...] compression energy . To generate the pressure p in a space V o a specific portion of the volume ΔV K must be added: (in a pump this process takes place continuously or at very short intervals in the individual
Transmission speed
channel per unit of time (DIN 19 226 Part 5). At a cycle frequency of 1 kHz, in the case of series data transmission, this results in a transfer of 1,000 Bit/s or 1,000 baud.