Reynolds number Re
Round smooth pipes 2,200 to 2,300 concentric smooth gaps 1,100 to 1,200 eccentric smooth gaps 1,000 to 1,050 concentric gap with recesses 700 eccentric gap with recesses 400 rotary vanes (spigots) 550 to [...] of Re = 2,300 under ideal conditions with a smooth pipe. In the case of other, more complex cross sections, part of the transition takes place at significantly smaller Reynolds numbers ( Table R 1 ). Round
Pressure loss through an orifice
form of the constriction. Typically, it is between 0.4 and 0.8. for a sharp-edged orifice (l/d < 1,5) is usually assumed as 0.78. Calculate the pressure loss through an orifice directly and easily in our [...] The pressure drop Δp at a constriction is calculated from the flow Q, the diameter d of the orifice, the density of the media and the flow coefficient α. The flow coefficient α is depending on the form
Circuit diagram
hydraulic schematic forms the basis of the pipework of the system and –– together with the function diagram — forms the basis of the search for an error. The schematic is designed in accordance with DIN 24 347
Kv value (of valves)
Flow in m3/h of water at +5 to +30°C passing through a device (valve) in a given direction based on a pressure drop of 1 bar and an upstream pressure of 6 bar. The practical benefits of the Kv value (of [...] with that of water. It also ignores the fact that resistance in both flow directions associated with a 4-way valve can vary greatly (by up to 50%).
Gap seals
is beneficial that, as non-contact seals, they cause extremely low friction and are also non-wearing – when using clean oil. In hydraulics, the axial gaps are predominant. In piston pumps, radial gaps also
HFD fluids
protection. Mixtures of HFD R and HFD S. Other compositions (HFD U). Common to All HFD fluids is the lack of compatibility with most materials for seals and a high density of 1.15 to 1.4 g/cm3 (intake characteristic [...] synthetically produced fire-resistant fluids. They rely on the following compounds: Phosphoric ester (HFD R), currently the most widely used HFD fluid; performs worst in terms of fire resistance, however. Chlorinated
Stiffness of actuators
of the piston: with V = volume under pressure, A R = annular area in the cylinder. In the case of the differential cylinder there is an additional factor – the influence of the ratio of the piston surface [...] proportional valve, the stiffness ("torsional stiffness") is a function of the displacement volume V 2 and the enclosed volume of liquid V 0 on one side: with E ‘ = compression module. The symmetrical conditions
Programmable logic controller (PLC)
fast microprocessor and are logically connected. The entirety of the steps – the control program customised for the respective task – is stored in the memory. When the PLC and the numeric control of the machine
Differential pressure
between p 1 and p 2 . The differential pressure can be positive or negative, depending on whether p 1 is greater than p 2 or smaller than p 2 (Figure D 23) . The expression "differential pressure" p 1,2 is
Pressure-reducing valve (pressure control valve)
due to an excessive load on the output element, i.e. the valve acts from p 1 to p 2 as a pressure-reducing valve and from p 2 to p 1 as a pressure-limiting valve . Pressure-reducing valves can be directly [...] Valve that keeps the (lower) outlet pressure (secondary pressure) p 2 constant even with changing inlet pressure (primary pressure) p 1 . This action is achieved by a valve cone, held open by a spring, [...] that gradually closes as the secondary pressure rises and at the end only replaces the leakage losses Q L in the secondary area. Pressure-reducing valve with secondary pressure limitation (three-way