HFD fluids
protection. Mixtures of HFD R and HFD S. Other compositions (HFD U). Common to All HFD fluids is the lack of compatibility with most materials for seals and a high density of 1.15 to 1.4 g/cm3 (intake characteristic [...] synthetically produced fire-resistant fluids. They rely on the following compounds: Phosphoric ester (HFD R), currently the most widely used HFD fluid; performs worst in terms of fire resistance, however. Chlorinated
Differential pressure
between p 1 and p 2 . The differential pressure can be positive or negative, depending on whether p 1 is greater than p 2 or smaller than p 2 (Figure D 23) . The expression "differential pressure" p 1,2 is
Gap seals
is beneficial that, as non-contact seals, they cause extremely low friction and are also non-wearing – when using clean oil. In hydraulics, the axial gaps are predominant. In piston pumps, radial gaps also
Pressure difference
Difference between two pressures p 1 and p 2 : If the pressure difference is the measured variable it is called the differential pressure p 1,2 (DIN 24 312).
Stiffness of actuators
with V = volume under pressure, A R = annular area in the cylinder. In the case of the differential cylinder there is an additional factor – the influence of the ratio of the piston surface area to the [...] proportional valve, the stiffness ("torsional stiffness") is a function of the displacement volume V 2 and the enclosed volume of liquid V 0 on one side: with E ‘ = compression module. The symmetrical conditions
Pressure-reducing valve (pressure control valve)
due to an excessive load on the output element, i.e. the valve acts from p 1 to p 2 as a pressure-reducing valve and from p 2 to p 1 as a pressure-limiting valve . Pressure-reducing valves can be directly [...] Valve that keeps the (lower) outlet pressure (secondary pressure) p 2 constant even with changing inlet pressure (primary pressure) p 1 . This action is achieved by a valve cone, held open by a spring, [...] that gradually closes as the secondary pressure rises and at the end only replaces the leakage losses Q L in the secondary area. Pressure-reducing valve with secondary pressure limitation (three-way
Programmable logic controller (PLC)
fast microprocessor and are logically connected. The entirety of the steps – the control program customised for the respective task – is stored in the memory. When the PLC and the numeric control of the machine
Oil heating
supplied power PH, the period Δt of power supply, the specific heat capacity of the medium c (~1.88 kJ/(kg*K) for Oil, ~4.18 kJ/(kg*K) for water) and the density of the medium ρ. Calculate the oil heating directly
Nominal flow rate
l valves : Flow rate at the nominal value (= 100%) for the input signal and at the nominal value for the valve pressure drop. Usually for servo valves this is 70 bar ( Figure N 4 ) and for proportional [...] l valves 10 bar at two edges. For proportional pressure valves : Flow rate at the nominal value for the input signal and the functional pressure for which the pressure valve is approved (e.g. 10% higher [...] nominal pressure for the system). For switching directional valves : Flow rate causing a pressure drop of 1 bar when it passes through the valve.
Pipe screw connections
connections for pipelines and devices. They are manufactured for three pressure stages (LL - very light, L - light, S - heavy). A distinction is made between three different types of design. Screw-in fittings [...] select the outlet direction before the fitting is tightened ( Figure R 29 ). In terms of construction, a distinction is made between ( Figure R 30 ): Cutting ring fittings (a) (DIN 2353, DIN 3861): The pipe [...] Depending on the design, a distinction is made between straight, angular, T-shaped fittings ( Figure R 31 ) and L-shaped and cross-type fittings.