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particles in the pressure fluid. These impurities may be caused by various things: debris associated with metallic and non-metallic particles produced by wear such as chips from bearing or pump materials [...] example, smaller particle sizes tend to be more common. This distribution is divided, in accordance with various processes (ISO 4066, NAS 1638, SAE-ASTM-AIM), into contamination classes or cleanliness grades [...] metal surfaces or seals and cause scoring to occur there. Much depends on how their size compares with the respective gap width: Particles which are much smaller than the gap to which they have gravitated

To monitor the state of a hydraulic fluid there are three variations, each with a different information value: Visual inspection : The colour of a pressure fluid (in particular mineral oil) is a measure [...] produces good results over a long period. Exact oil examinations : These take place in laboratories with the oil supplier. As a rule, the process is only worthwhile when using larger oil quantities.

Correcting Codes, Bell Syst. Techn. J. 29 (1950)). If two code words of the same length are compared with each other position for position, the Hamming distance is equal to the number of bits (minimum) where [...] at just one binary position will cause them to look like another code word (Figure) . A code string with a Hamming distance of d = 2 offers greater transmission security, since single errors can be detected

pumps and valves and therefore choose a very compact design (unlike with pressurised water). Having said this, they are also associated with certain disadvantages such as the way their temperature-dependence

connection with a finite force gain for the control element — applied to dead zones as a result of positive overlap/underlap conditions of valves, or they are caused by reversal errors associated with control

is same as the velocity involved. The time differential quotient for the impulse/pulse associated with a mass point is equal to the force F applied to it. 2. When investigating control circuit elements [...] transfer element are incorporated. A rectangular signal which only lasts for a very short time, compared with the timescale of interest, and has a very large amplitude is referred to as a pulse or shock function

cheaper energy consumption in many application cases, compared with all other types of duty. Intermittent operation is comparable with start-stop systems in motor vehicles.

accordance with the respective requirements, since errors occurring between the comparison position and the measuring position in the forwards branch of a are suppressed in accordance with the loop gain

the computing element (device, program ) within the which continuously compares the control variable with the reference variable and forms the correcting variable from the difference ( control deviation ) [...] In order to achieve a stable feedback control, the properties of the controller must be coordinated with the controlled subsystem, . There are various controller types and controller concepts available for

made between single-acting ( plunger pistons ) and double-acting pistons ( differential pistons ). With the latter, the piston is set down on the diameter of the piston rod (area A St). This results in [...] annular area A R, which is also the return area for differential cylinders ( ratio of piston areas α). With single-acting pistons by contrast, the piston is also the piston rod.