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Frequency with which a system left to itself oscillates after an external excitation ( damped natural oscillation ). For a 2nd order oscillatory delay element (e.g. spring-mass system, hydraulically fixed [...] fixed actuator ) the following relationships are obtained: with f o = characteristic frequency. D = damping On weakly damped systems the natural frequency and the resonant frequency are approximately equal

in electrical terms, like a Wheatstone half bridge with adjustable and complex resistances and supplemented by an ohmic half bridge in the amplifier with carrier frequency (Figure I 7 b) . The output voltage [...] of induction is used to measure the position. In most cases, the sensors used operate in accordance with the differential transformer or differential choke system. Displacement transducers in a differential [...] differential transformer circuit (Figure I 7 a) act like a transformer, from an electrical perspective, with one primary winding and two loosely connected secondary windings. In spatial terms, the secondary windings

Hydraulic accumulator with a free-moving piston as a separator between gas and hydraulic fluid (Figure K 19) . Since there is no separating wall made of rubber, the fatigue resistance is greater than for [...] for . In addition, the entire cylinder volume can be used for oil, with any number of gas bottles being connected downstream. Weak points are the seal inside the piston and the weight of the piston in

flow. As (Figure D 89) shows, with a rectangular cross-section (a) there is a linear dependency between flow rate and adjustment travel. A triangular cross-section (b) has, with a low flow rate, a better

multiple consumers. Compared with a stub line, the loop line enables: a balanced supply of pressure, i.e. there are smaller pressure fluctuations and smaller pipe cross sections with the same flow rate or pressure

constriction). Another type of throttle loss occurs if in a system with constant pump the speed control is undertaken via flow valves ( control with throttle ). The losses that result are mostly considerable,

accordance with a reference variable s by regulating out the disturbance variables related to leakage losses or rotation speed fluctuations (Figure F 28) . For this purpose controllers with different reference

associated with the individual elements (, controlled subsystem , measuring device) in the open control circuit. It is a dimensionless variable and does not apply to control circuits with an integrating

Hydraulic motors which permit at least 1,000 min--1 as the upper rotation speed limit, with the lowest rotation speed determined by the hydraulic-mechanical efficiency factor. In the case of uncontrolled [...] 500 min--1 for gear motors and 50 to 100 min--1 in the case of piston motors. It remains identical with hydraulic pumps of the same construction type (gear, vane , piston machines ). Opposite: Slow speed

The operational amplifier is a DC amplifier with a large negative gain factor, very high input resistance and very high output resistance. The operational amplifier always operates on the principle of [...] connecting various impedances results in a different kind of transfer function, including those associated with an amplifier, totaliser, differentiator, ramp generator, limiter and the like. Operational amplifiers