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variables, often with a constant third being used as the parameter. Example: In Figure D79, the flow rate Q is applied to a control edge in relation to the pressure difference p, with the opening cross [...] adjustable valves with more than one input signal (flow rate, pressure), performance maps will be specified. The parameters kept constant in this regard need to be applied to the curve with their respective

(MH system, b ) there are no tilting forces on the pistons that together with the cylinder drum remain free of torque. Along with these two designs the swash plate pump is also an axial piston machine. [...] Pump (motor) with several pistons (as rule 7 to 11) that are arranged parallel to the drive shaft. The pistons are actuated by a swash plate or a drive flange ( inclined axis ). These two designs differ [...] y in the resolution of the piston forces and the consideration of the change in torque over time. With the swash plate (MZ system ( Figure A 30 a )) the resultant piston force generates a torque at the

associated with a fluid flowing at a subsonic rate. The pitot tube consists of a tube at a 90° angle, whose arm lies parallel to the direction of the flow ( Figure P 9 ). Pressure measured with this kind [...] kind of open tube will change in line with the angle, since dynamic pressure only acts in the direction of the flow. In order to avoid , the open area for the pitot tube must therefore be perpendicular to

part of the pipeline, there are a number of procedures, such as the displacement principle with flow sensors with oval rotor assembly , measuring turbines or gear pump flow meters , which can take direct [...] fluid technology . They work indirectly and can be very small. Procedures for measuring the duration with ultrasound and lasers are still used as a priority in laboratory measurement technology.

around the seal even in the unpressurised state. With increasing pressure increasingly large parts of the seal are pressed against the mating surface with increasing force. As a result the sealing gap becomes [...] increases and therefore also the sealing action (Figure A 28). Automatic sealing is only possible with elastic materials.

increasing contact force at the sealing surface with increasing pressure enable the sliding ring seal to seal even high pressures (200 to 300 bar) with adequate lifetime. [...] of non-elastic materials that are pressed against each other by spring force. One element rotates with the shaft, while the other is mounted in the housing. The sealing takes place at the contact surface

used. Flanges with this layout are very common in hydraulics and are used in suction and pressure lines. They are very space-saving to install. Square flange with four fastening screws with metric thread [...] pipe fittings . The most important shapes for hydraulics are shown in (Figure F 20) : Split flange with four fastening screws and O-ring seal according to ISO 6162. The two arc-shaped half flanges are placed [...] neck flanges) according to DIN 2632 (nominal pressure PN 10) and DIN 2633 (nominal pressure PN 16) with O-ring seal are used in particular for low pressure lines (suction lines, return filters).

adjustment : Here a distinction must be made between adjustments with and without an internal control circuit. The latter work only with a control over the entire subsystem (these are still predominant [...] is pressure-controlled or travel-controlled with or without a cam disc. Volume-controlled adjustment no longer plays a role; electro-hydraulic adjustment with proportional valve or servo valve . For hydraulic [...] which is necessary for controls and feedback controls. This is taken from an order in accordance with ( Figure V 22 ). The term "feedback controlling" is only correctly applied to adjustment processes

must be taken in compliance with highly specific guidelines or the measurement results will not be representative for the system and not lend themselves to comparison with others. Apart from absolute [...] cleanliness for all devices coming into contact with the fluid to be sampled, these guidelines also stipulate the correct place for oil sampling, i.e. somewhere a representative distribution of solid particles

Circuits with the aim of performing a memory action. This is possible in three ways: Memory forms with a lock and dominant activation, i.e. they turn on when both signals for on and off are pending; memory [...] They are chosen to increase safety; Memory that is dominant for the first signal, as is the case with impulse valves . They are used, for example if you want to ensure that after power is lost and returns