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and occasionally with the assistance of special admixtures, are able to rapidly separate out any water. This action is preferred above all in hydraulics with larger filling volumes and with the more frequent

for seals to swell significantly, which is why elastomers with a high ACN content are required in this context. They are also associated with poor VT behaviour. Alternative: paraffin base oil. [...] base oil is of the naptha variety. Naphta based oil has a high aromatic content and is associated with low viscosity (VG 15 to 10). Because of their low pour point , these oils are predominantly used outdoors

Control electronics that are integrated into a larger magnetic plug with a configuration in accordance with DIN 43650. Control electronics integrated in a magnetic plug for proportional valves . The electronic [...] digital input signal into a PWM output signal. The configuration is normally defined in accordance with DIN EN 175301-803. The plug amplifier is normally configured using buttons, potentiometers, bus connection

d as pilot valves whereby, compared with normal pressure valves the setting screw is replaced with a distance-controlled proportional solenoid ( Figure P 25 ). With force-controlled solenoids, this acts [...] valves — are not particularly sensitive to contamination (e.g. recommended filter unit 25 μm compared with 3...5 μm) and therefore more durable from an operational perspective. The various groups are dist [...] a number of potentiometers will be used accordingly. Proportional valves are increasingly fitted with electrical feedback. Proportional flow valves :As in conventional hydraulic systems , there are throttle

distinction needs to be made here between: monolithic sensors with only one resistance bridge; sensors with temperature compensation; sensors with an output amplifier

other words, the output is expressed in variable values associated with another measured variable. Example: pressure measurement with pressure gauges or strain gauges whereby strain is actually measured [...] methods make it possible to read the measured value immediately and clearly using a simple device with an analogue or digital display.

Flow valve with fixed or adjustable throttling cross-section. Its flow is dependent on the pressure difference at the throttle: the smaller the pressure difference Δp between the (constant) inlet pressure [...] pressure p 1 and the (variable) outlet pressure (load pressure) p L, the lower the flow. With a constant inlet pressure and variable load pressures, it is not possible to achieve a constant flow rate. It is [...] constant flow rate is created at a throttle. As a result, load-independent flow cannot be achieved with a throttle valve. As the throttle valve does not have a return connection, the portion of the flow

Central hydraulic oil supplies are often equipped with hydraulic accumulators ( accumulator drive ). Another option is the pressure oil network with press-controlled variable pumps . Here, when sampling [...] A series of different consumers is supplied with hydraulic oil from a central drive station (Figure Z 4a) and (Figure Z 4b). As a result, the total performance to be installed does not need to be specified [...] require hydraulic oil at different times. Equally, multiple circuits can be simultaneously supplied with hydraulic oil without reactions, as the central hydraulic oil supply constitutes a constant pressure

operation. With two quadrant operation either the direction of the torque remains the same and the direction of rotation changes (2nd and 3rd quadrant) or the direction of rotation remains the same with a changing [...] Example: hydraulic pump that becomes a motor due to the pull from the load. With four quadrant operation the drive operates with changing direction of rotation and changing direction of torque. Example:

as desired ( Figure P 37 ). As larger masses are to be moved in the pump with the pump control than in the case of the control with throttle, the dynamic behaviour attainable is lower: Frequencies of between [...] much hydraulic fluid as required in the circuit. This keeps the power loss smaller than the control with throttle . However, it also depends on the type of adjustment: Whereas in the case of pressure reduction [...] between 5 and 30 Hz are expected, depending on the construction type and size. Alternative: Control with throttle .