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and smallest values for the individual variables with which the system is allowed to be operated with other influencing variables exactly defined and with the load duration in the most extreme case (CETOP

load with which it forms a system capable of oscillation ( servo cylinder ). Hydraulic cylinder with piston : The mechanical force is generated by the action of the hydraulic fluid on a piston. With this [...] Cylinder designed to be used with hydraulic fluids at generally higher pressures (of around 100 bar and above). Given the relatively low compressibility of the fluid and the low weight of a piston, hydraulic [...] over 20 m. There are 3 basic designs available: single acting cylinders and double-acting cylinders with 1 or 2 piston rods. There are also numerous special forms. The load for a hydraulic cylinder is based

orifice can be determined with the aid of Bernoulli's equation: The simplest orifice is washer with hole of diameter d drilled into it (fixed orifice). However, orifices with a changing cross-section are [...] Local flow resistance with step cross-section constriction in which the ratio between the length l and the diameter d is relatively small (Figure B 18) : The smallest flow cross-section is outside the [...] majority of cases. The most common forms are the needle throttle (Figure B 19 a) (risk of clogging with small opening), the gap throttle (b) (not for small oil flows, resolution poor) and the longitudinal

chanical feed drives with servo motors, as used in connection with machine tools. Generally speaking, cascaded (multi loop) control systems have not fared very well compared with state controllers . [...] acceleration are also fed back (Figure K 2) . The decisive factor is the type of feedback involved. With the cascaded (multi loop) control system, each controller acts independently and has its own summation

together as required. It ends with two end plates ( Figure L 3 ). A series connection can be combined as required — for example, by inserting a plate with throttle valves or — with a parallel connection . The [...] The sandwich design associated with mobile hydraulics is a form of series connection. Individual components incorporating complex hydraulic functions are combined into a control block. Valve functions

programmed control with the feedback from the sensors in accordance with the logical instructions for control signals. This means, e.g., the linking of independent input information with machine functions

controlled hydraulically with sequential valves or electrically with process-dependent signal elements position sensors , pressure switches , timer relays ). [...] If, on drives with several loads, the function depends on reaching a specific boundary condition for the upstream load, the term sequence control is used. The sequence control of actuators can be controlled

seal with rounded sealing edge with a scraper (Figure D 11) . Often an angled metal ring is vulcanised into the seal to improve the seating of the ring. In this way it can be secured axially with the aid

Pump with two or more gear wheels with teeth on the outside that rotate engaged in each other. As a result the hydraulic fluid is pressed out of the gaps between the teeth on the outlet side, while the [...] most economical hydraulic pumps and are very suitable for simple low-pressure drives. They operate with high reliability and are also robust in operation. They have a large permissible viscosity range and [...] heavy pulsations they are then also so noisy that for pressures above 200 bar they are often replaced with internal gear pumps .

Branch of hydraulics . Concerned with the generation and transmission of energy and signals via the static pressure associated with a fluid. This is why, compared with hydrokinetics , the pressure ranges