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3-way flow control valves are often used as priority valves for providing hydraulic steering systems with oil.

its length ( Figure P 14 ). These days, position measurement by potentiometer is mainly performed with potentiometers featuring conductive plastic, which tend to offer better resolution than wire pote

interests can be harmonised across Europe to approach the European Commission with one voice. CETOP provides its members with information that is often not available elsewhere. This information includes [...] published worldwide as ISO standards. The preparation of standards and recommendations in collaboration with the national standardisation organisations and the related ISO and CEM technical committees is a

characteristics of proportional technology are the continuous, proportional transfer function associated with the valves and the amenability to control via electrical signals of the functions for flow rate based [...] adjust the operating variables for a process - particularly forces, velocities and positions - in line with optimal operating conditions and also improve the of the system. In addition, the constant refinement [...] considerable advantages in "normal" hydraulics by making it possible to simplify circuits greatly, with fewer pressure and flow valves needed thanks to the control valves used ( Figure P 22 ).

set for certain functions and thus individual valve sections. This can be implemented as required with the help of electronic flow sharing. Example: A hydraulic pump can deliver 100 l/min. Two consumers [...] control valves together require more than 100 l/min. If both valves were to request 70 l/min, the valve with the lower pressure would normally be fully supplied. By means of "Electronic Flow Sharing" the supply [...] y, i.e. each valve receives 50 l/min. "Electronic Flow Sharing" can be implemented in valve banks with the CAN-BUS . The electronic control unit onboard knows and monitors each individual valve section:

route possible with the smallest possible pressure loss. Either the centre position of a directional valve ( Figure U 15 a ) or a separate idle circulation valve is used for this ( b ), with the full flow

torque M 2 is determined by the load pressure p L and the displacement V 2: In general, all pumps (with the exception of valve-controlled pumps) can now also be used as high-speed hydraulic motors. In addition [...] on the friction The uniformity of the movement, which is influenced heavily by a fluctuating torque with an uneven number of pistons.

temperature of the hydraulic fluid in hydraulic systems can be measured either with simple measurement devices (thermometer) or with a measuring device that issues signals to the control unit. The simplest method

Multi-circuit pump normally with an inclined axis design, but also a design according to the swash plate principle, in which two drives are included in one housing. In the case of an inclined axis design [...] design, either the toothed drive shaft with one pump as a drive for a second pump ( Figure V 20 ) — in this case both are adjusted using a sum power controller — or a transfer case is used for both pumps

As a synchronizing cylinder (Figure K 5) with oil spring stiffness. The oil spring stiffness for cylinder side A and cylinder side B are arranged in parallel and add up to the total oil spring stiffness [...] cylinder (Figure K 6) : For both cylinders, the natural angular frequency is calculated in each case from With a hydraulic motor [hydrostatic motor] (Figure K 7) , the weight m is replaced by the mass moment of